This lesson explains how an ISP network operates and what happens when a user connects to the Internet. The connection first passes through the operator’s network—using access technologies such as DSL, FTTC, or FTTH—and then enters the ISP network via a Point of Presence (POP).
It introduces fundamental concepts such as the last mile, backbone, peering, Internet Exchange Points, and IP transit, illustrating how operators exchange traffic and reach external networks.
Finally, the lesson describes the ISP hierarchy—Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3—distinguishing between local operators, regional providers, and the major global backbones that interconnect the Internet on an international scale.
ISP Architecture
Key points
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