Network hardware

This lesson introduces the key physical devices that make up a computer network. It begins with the network card and network interface, explaining the role of the MAC address in local communication.

It then describes the switch—which connects multiple devices within a LAN—and the router, which connects different networks and routes packets to the correct destination.

The lesson also examines the roles of the gateway, modem, access point, and Wi-Fi hotspot. Finally, it explains the firewall as a security filter for network traffic and the modem-router as a home device that integrates multiple functions into a single unit

Network hardware

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Key points

Network hardware includes the physical devices that enable data exchange.

The network interface card (NIC) connects a device to the network; the network interface is the physical or logical point through which it communicates.

Each interface has a MAC address, which is used to identify it within the local network.

A switch connects devices within a LAN and forwards data to the correct port using MAC addresses.

A router connects different networks and routes packets toward their destination network.

The default gateway usually connects the local network to the Internet.

A modem adapts signals for transmission over a telephone line; in fiber-optic networks, this function is performed by an ONT.

An access point allows wireless devices to connect to the network; a hotspot provides or shares Internet access.

A firewall monitors traffic and blocks or allows communications according to security rules.

A typical modem router combines a modem or ONT, router, switch, access point, gateway, and firewall.

febogamedev | July 12, 2026 | 4:42 am

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Network hardware